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Cheating is using unethical methods to turn in work for a grade that hasn't been fairly earned. This can be done in a number of ways:

• using notes or similar unauthorized aids, electronic or otherwise, on an assignment or exam,
• looking at or using another student's work on an assignment or exam,
• using an instructor's manual to acquire answers to exams or assignments, or
• acquiring a copy of an exam or assignment.

These are just a few examples of cheating; any unethical choices that would result in a grade the student hasn't earned would fall under this form of dishonesty. The key issue here is that the student is earning a grade (and therefore course credit) for knowledge or abilities he/she hasn't actually acquired.

Not only is this unfair to students who have done the work, it's also problematic for the student cheating: future coursework or professional work may require the person to know and build upon that knowledge.

To fabricate means to create, invent or manufacture. In terms of academic dishonesty, this means making up information:

• falsifying or deliberately misinterpreting data,
• making up information,
• creating false citations, or
• falsifying field or job experience or academic achievements.

Like cheating, fabricating information is typically done to gain something unfairly. Where cheating provides valid information to earn the desired reward (a grade, course credit, etc.), fabrication provides nothing in exchange for something.

Plagiarism is the most complex form of academic dishonesty, in part because there are so many forms but also because this violation can happen accidentally. Where cheating and fabrication are always done deliberately, plagiarism can be either deliberate or accidental. What it comes down to, though, is using someone else's work (in any form) as though it were the student's own. It is often compared to stealing.

Most students understand that citation is an important and vital step when using source material. Crediting source material is only one aspect of source use, though. Where source use and plagiarism get complicated is that plagiarism can also be about how the source material is presented or used in the project, such as directly quoting information or paraphrasing.

Misrepresenting the source material can lead to plagiarism just as lacking citations can. Being able to identify how or why source use is problematic is the first step in ensuring that use of source material avoids those practices. To understand how source material is used incorrectly, consult Turnitin鈥檚 Plagiarism Spectrum.

The Turnitin Plagiarism Spectrum

The Plagiarism Spectrum is a guide to help educators, students, academics, and writers recognize the various forms of plagiarism. However, knowing a basic definition of a problem is only the start of solving it. First, you need to understand the specifics of those forms of plagiarism and consider why each is problematic in different ways. Further, assessing some of the possible behaviors or habits that lead to these forms of plagiarism will aid you in understanding how to avoid them.

1. CLONE: "submitting another's work, word-for-word, as one's own." This form of plagiarism, also sometimes called complete or direct plagiarism, is one that most students universally recognize and are aware is dishonest. When an entire project is taken from a source (either another student or elsewhere) and presented as the student's own, this falsely represents knowledge and efforts on the subject matter. This method of plagiarism is often a result of poor time management or other academic pressures.
2. CTRL-C: "contains significant portions of text from a single source without alterations." This form of plagiarism uses sections of a source, presented exactly as the source wrote them without the use of quotation marks or citation. Using a source鈥檚 words, even in small sections or pieces, is falsely representing the words as the student's if no quotation marks indicate that the material is exact wording. Further, if quotation marks are used but citation is missing, then this doesn鈥檛 properly give credit to the author of the words, even though the reader was notified that they are someone else鈥檚 words. This is another form of plagiarism that most students are generally aware of, but it still happens frequently, typically from carelessness in taking notes or the writing/typing process.
3. FIND鈥揜EPLACE: "changing key words and phrases but retaining the essential content of the source." When students understand that CTRL-C isn鈥檛 appropriate source use, they might attempt to put an idea in their own words (paraphrasing). This often results in FIND-REPLACE, a form of plagiarism that substitutes synonyms or alternate word choice to only slightly change the wording of a source. Even if citation is provided for the passage, adjusting only a word or a few words does not truly put the idea in the student's words. This generally occurs when students don鈥檛 fully understand what proper paraphrasing entails.
4. REMIX: "paraphrases from multiple sources, made to fit together." This form of plagiarism takes a range of material from diverse sources that touch on the same content and presents the ideas together as the student's own analysis, without citation. The wording will be slightly changed or perhaps even paraphrased accurately, but lack of citation presents the material falsely. This often comes about when students attempt to make the work seem original; where using one source may be a direct flag, piecing together and rewording material from diverse sources seems like it may not register (though it does). If unintentional, this can occur due to lack of effective citation habits and sometimes poor notetaking.
5. RECYCLE: "borrows generously from the writer's previous work without citation." This form of plagiarism is often misunderstood by students. RECYCLE occurs when a student submits his/her own work for an assignment in one course, work that the student has already (or soon will) receive credit in another course. The student might say, 鈥淚t鈥檚 my own work and ideas, so why is that a problem?鈥� Where this can get students into trouble is that it presents the material as a recent creation when it isn鈥檛 or as a creation for that instructor and assignment when it truly isn't. The root of why that鈥檚 problematic is that the instructor expects the material to reflect what the student has learned in the course.
   
   If a paper written a year ago is recycled for a course now, the material doesn't illustrate what the student gained from that year of learning, in particular the course he/she is currently in. This is why most instructors don鈥檛 allow students to re-use their own work. However, if a student obtains permission from the instructor and makes adequate changes to the material to reflect new ideas and understanding, then this may be considered an appropriate re-use of ideas. When the student doesn't receive permission or doesn't make effective changes to the material, though, this is problematic. Students may sometimes tempted to re-use their own projects to save time or to avoid additional work.
6. HYBRID: "combines perfectly cited sources with copied passages without citation." This form of plagiarism mixes together effective source use with inappropriate source use. In certain passages of the paper, citation conventions and quotations/paraphrases are done correctly; in the midst of that, other passages are used without citation and are often word-for-word (without quotation marks) or ineffectively paraphrased. This is often done to attempt to mask uncited work, where another鈥檚 work can be used to cut corners in order to save time or effort. If this is done unintentionally, then it seems to occur due to lack of consistent citation methods and note-taking.
7. MASHUP: "mixes copied material from multiple sources." Similar to CTRL-C plagiarism, this will take not one source of exact wording but a range of source鈥檚 words, all without citation. Lack of quotation marks presents the material falsely, as does the lack of citation. As with REMIX, this often comes about when students attempt to make their work seem original; where copying one source may be a direct flag, piecing together copied material from diverse sources seems like it may not register (though it does). If this form of plagiarism isn鈥檛 done intentionally, then it will often occur through poor citation habits and lack of effective notetaking or source organization.
8. 404 ERROR: "includes citations to non-existent or inaccurate information about sources." This type of issue comes when students use sources or links that aren鈥檛 real or provide source information that is incorrect in some way. This often happens (typically accidentally) when students attribute the wrong signal phrases or authors to the material. For example, I may include in-text citation that implies Quote 1 is from Author A when it鈥檚 in fact from Author D. Another example of a situation that happens often is when students use an idea and attribute it to Author/Source B, but the citation list at the paper鈥檚 end doesn鈥檛 contain Author/Source B. Similarly, the citation page may include Author/Source C, but this source is never clearly or accurately used in the paper. These issues can lead to material not being correctly credited. This form of plagiarism can occur when students are required to conduct research and provide citations but deliberately don鈥檛 go through the actual research and citation process and instead make up the information, generally to save time or work. When this is done unintentionally, it occurs when students don鈥檛 take proper notes in the research and source integration process, resulting in writing down incorrect information. This can also occur if students don鈥檛 fully understand citation methods or rules.
9. AGGREGATOR: "includes proper citation to sources but the paper contains almost no original work." This form of plagiarism is another that students might struggle with. This use of source material entails proper citation and using quotation marks or paraphrasing source material correctly. If the citations and quoting/paraphrasing is correct, what more is there? Instructors will often assign a research project or otherwise ask their students to perform research and write about a topic. Students might translate that into the idea that the paper needs to be (or can be) entirely research with little addition or contribution from the student; this is a misconception. Essays are expected to be an analysis of a topic, where the student writer will use research to learn about the subject but then apply critical thinking and other skills to learn something new or to provide an opinion or arguable claim about the topic. This requires that the student to balance source use with personal ideas, opinions, and observations. The AGGREGATOR will present the source material with little to no personal addition to the material. This often occurs when students misunderstand assignment expectations or when they are pressed for time; this can also stem from struggling to find something personal to contribute to the topic.
10. RE-TWEET: "includes proper citation but relies too closely on the text's original wording and/or structure." The last major form of problematic source use entails giving proper credit to the material but not correctly adjusting the wording and structure. Similar to FIND-REPLACE, this technique is where students attempt to put an idea in their own words 鈥� and do a better job at it than simple synonym replacement 鈥� but still aren鈥檛 quite meeting the mark of appropriate paraphrasing. This will occur when students don鈥檛 have a thorough understanding of paraphrasing or when they are rushed. Lack of proper notetaking can also lead to this issue.

Terms and definitions from Turnitin.com, iParadigms, 2012

With an understanding of major forms of plagiarism and how they arise, you should be well on your way to avoid these issues in your own work.

Examples of Incorrect Source Use

The following examples illustrate a number of faulty 鈥� or plagiarized 鈥� uses of source material. First, look at the original, an excerpt from John F. Kennedy鈥檚 Inaugural Address:

Let every nation know, whether it wishes us well or ill, that we shall pay any price, bear any burden, meet any hardship, support any friend, oppose any foe, to assure the survival and the success of liberty.

Source: Kennedy, John K. 鈥淚naugural Address.鈥� Writing and Reading across the Curriculum. Ed. Lawrence Behrens and Leonard J. Rosen. Boston: Little, Brown, 1982. Print. [Note: this citation and the others used in these examples are done in MLA 7 style.]

Failing Quotation

As John F. Kennedy passionately proclaims, America shall pay any price, bear any burden, meet any hardship, support any friend, oppose any foe, to assure the survival and the success of liberty (76).

Why is this incorrect? The writer does not enclose Kennedy鈥檚 words within quotation marks. This presents the words to the reader as if they are the writer鈥檚 when they are not. Even though a citation is provided that includes author and page, the way the source鈥檚 words are misrepresented through lack of quotation marks makes this plagiarism (CTRL-C).

Failing Paraphrase

In his Inaugural Address, John F. Kennedy contends that America would spend any amount, suffer any weight, entertain any trial, stand by any ally, defend against any enemy, to foster the continuance and the supremacy of freedom (76).

Why is this incorrect? The writer uses the same sentence structure as the original and 鈥減lugs in鈥� synonyms for the nouns and verbs that are in the original text. Therefore, this is a faulty paraphrase. To correctly paraphrase, a writer must 鈥渙wn鈥� the idea of the original and recast it by using his own words and by using his own sentence structure. Again, even though the words are slightly changed, author is given, and page is noted, this doesn鈥檛 properly present the material as adequately paraphrased and therefore constitutes plagiarism (FIND-REPLACE).

Failed Quotation and Paraphrase Together

In his Inaugural Address, John F. Kennedy contends that America will bear any burden, that it will meet any hardship, and that it will support any friend in order to ensure liberty (76).

Why is this incorrect? In this case, the writer has added a few words, such as 鈥渢hat it will鈥� before the president's words in an effort to disguise what is essentially a direct quotation. In addition, the source鈥檚 exact words (when they are used) are not enclosed within quotation marks. Although author and page are noted and some words are changed, this presentation of source material relies too closely on the original and is therefore plagiarism (RE-TWEET).

[Examples adapted from Teresa Sweeney鈥檚 Feb. 2004 discussion by Laura Hardin Marshall, Academic Integrity Education Program Specialist, Sep. 2015.]

The final form of an academic integrity violation is to help another student engage in dishonesty. This commonly occurs when giving another student an assignment or exam or allowing others to view an exam during exam time.

It is natural for students to form study groups or to help one another learn course material, but that assistance should stop when it comes to completing assignments or exams. Such groups are formed with the intention for all participants to learn the information and to demonstrate that fairly in their own work. Dishonesty occurs when the information is used to cheat, and the student providing the help will be held accountable along with the student(s) who committed the infraction.

Missing Citation: When information from a source (words, ideas, images, or otherwise) is used without citation, plagiarism occurs. The information is presented as though it was created by the student.

Prevention: Credit must be given in the form of an in-text citation next to the information and a source list at the end of the project. When researching, keep careful notes that will remind the reader when information came from research.

Copying: When exact words are used from a source without quotation marks, plagiarism occurs (even if the material is cited). Word choice and phrasing without quotation marks is presented as though it was created by the student.

Prevention: Ensure that quotation marks are used around any exact wording; then include citation. Try inserting quotation marks into the project before inserting the source鈥檚 words. During notetaking, carefully mark whether the material is a quote or paraphrase. Alternatively, paraphrase the material instead of using the source鈥檚 words.

Incomplete Paraphrasing: When a student attempts to rephrase the source鈥檚 words but only does so partially, plagiarism occurs. Additionally, only changing word choice (but not the sentence structure) is plagiarism. Such a passage is too close to the original and implies it was created by the student.

Prevention: Paraphrasing requires that none of the source鈥檚 original wording remains; all word choice should be fully revised. Furthermore, paraphrasing requires that the sentence structure also changes. Try paraphrasing without looking at the original material; recalling the idea from memory lends itself to a better understanding of the idea and truer paraphrasing. Alternatively, use quotation marks and maintain the source鈥檚 original wording if true paraphrasing proves difficult.

Self-Plagiarism: When a student turns in work designed for another course/semester, self-plagiarism occurs. Unless otherwise noted, instructors expect student work to be a current, original creation for that specific course and semester; to present otherwise is dishonest.

Prevention: Ask the instructor if revitalizing other work is acceptable. If permission is granted, ensure that the other work is significantly revised or expanded upon. Discuss further requirements or preferences with the instructor.

Suggestions for Effective Writing

• Use credible, instructor-approved sources 鈥� Wikipedia and similar user-edited sites are not considered acceptable sources. Further, minimize use of any website sources in favor of other academic sources whenever possible.
• Utilize academic resources 鈥� databases, library catalogues, and peer-reviewed journals are all sources that will provide more in-depth, quality information. Seek out these sources whenever possible.
• Any information learned from any online sources (even just a Google search) requires attribution in the form of citation and either quotation marks or paraphrasing. Such information cannot be considered the student鈥檚 own thoughts. If possible, use (and cite) the root idea and then add analysis or further implications.
• Cite fully and correctly at all stages of the writing process.

Additional Resources

• 黑料网鈥檚 Writing Center

Any adult will understand the importance of time-management; this is something that most adults also struggle with throughout their lives (unfortunately). For many of you, this becomes a challenge unlike any other: juggling classes, study time, homework, and projects is difficult in itself, and adding in work, family, and social responsibilities makes this a complete and utter nightmare.

This means that you as a student, more than anyone else, must manage your time.

The first 鈥� and most important 鈥� rule to remember is that you must make time for attending class and/or reading the course materials (particularly in online courses). When students fall behind in the course content, academic dishonesty is often a consequence, so maintaining integrity starts with going to class and keeping up with all the class requirements.

From there, the most effective way to do manage your time is to make self-imposed deadlines 鈥� and stick to them. Keep a calendar of important events and assignments, and plan backwards from those events. If a test is scheduled Week 4, then create a sequence of study reminders throughout that week and/or the week leading up to it.

If you are aware of what's coming, you can prepare for it and be less likely to resort to unethical choices. This is most important when it comes to writing papers. Understand that writing (or other major projects) comes in stages; even if we want to do it in one day (or more likely one night), it shouldn鈥檛 be. A paper, particularly a research paper, should come in a few basic stages that span the course of several days or weeks:

• Generate personal ideas: evaluate the topic and what you know about it.
• Gather research: find a range of potential sources, then read and take notes about them 鈥� this is often the most time-consuming stage.
• Plan the essay: this is where you will put together the personal ideas you started with, the ideas you learned from research, and the new conclusions or thoughts that everything combined lead you to. This can be done more formally, such as with an outline, or it can be done casually.
• Draft the essay: enact the plan and actually start putting ideas into full sentences and paragraphs. If you organized your materials by topic, then the basic structure and major points will already be gathered together, making this stage more efficient.
• Revise/edit: assess the draft and make changes as needed to improve the content and then to improve grammar and other mechanical details.

You need to take these stages into account and ideally set deadlines for yourself about what stages you want to accomplish when. This should be done as soon as the you learn about the project. Whenever the instructor provides the handout or reveals a major project, start setting deadlines immediately: I want X done by this date, Y done by that, and so on. Calendars are an essential resource, and with calendar/task apps, you should never have a deadline creep up.

This of course leads to another problem with time management: procrastination and deliberate postponement. While most of you know you should make deadlines, doing so and sticking to them often simply doesn't happen. This is where academic dishonesty, either intentional or accidental, becomes a serious risk.

When you put off assignments or think you can put off assignments, that's when you are most likely to commit plagiarism in some form 鈥� how often do students indicate time management (saving time or being rushed) as a major factor when cheating or plagiarizing?

Finding sources, handling sources properly, and writing an effective essay all take time. If you overcome your desire to procrastinate and devote adequate time to the appropriate stages to a project you will fall into unintentional or accidental plagiarism less often and will also produce generally more effective assignments.

Taking notes comes in two parts: class notes and research notes. Going to class and reading the course materials is only a part of the game 鈥� taking notes and actively engaging in the course content is just as important when it comes to memory and retention. Never go to class (or open a book or PowerPoint) without pen, paper, or an electronic equivalent ready to go.

Keep track of key concepts, definitions, or any other information that your instructor stresses (what does the instructor write on the board, underline, bold, or otherwise mark as important?). If you can actively engage with the course content via notes, you will be better prepared to take exams, complete assignments, and write papers that demonstrate that knowledge, which will in turn help you avoid academic integrity violations.

When it comes to research, the research process can be rife with difficulties. Not only is finding good sources a challenge but reading through it all can be more time consuming than anything else in the writing process. The first thing to remember about collecting research is to be organized and to keep track of everything. Select and consistently follow a system that will become habit, using it every time, for every class and every project.

The system that works for one student may not work for you, though, so be aware that finding a good system might take a few trials runs. Ideally, by the time you reach university-level courses, you will have found the method that works for you, but here are some tips and guidelines that can help avoid plagiarism.

• Start fresh: If possible, you should begin the writing process not with research but with notes about what you know about the topic 鈥� without research. Ideally, the chosen topic will be one that you know at least a little something about (if not, then that鈥檚 probably not a good topic to use); write that information down. Make note of what you've learned from the class or what you've seen or experienced personally. You can develop a rough draft or something more casual like headings or brainstormed ideas. The goal is to use whatever method is natural to you to have a record of what you know before the project even really begins. It might also be a good idea to save this file and e-mail it to yourself. This will keep a time-stamped record illustrating your knowledge that can be used to distinguish prior knowledge from ideas acquired through research if you are unsure later in the writing process.
• Log it: Keep track of how/where sources are found. Note what database or what library system was used, what search engine was used, which search terms resulted in that source, and other important information. This information is often necessary for citation, but it will also become important should you need to look up the source again later.
• Be organized: It鈥檚 a good idea to keep sources organized with a system, something that separates the sources clearly but collects them in a convenient spot. Often, your first instincts might be to keep all your notes in one Word document, but this can lead to mixing up source ideas and also make finding/accessing the right material less efficient. Use folders instead. Have a 鈥淧roject X Research鈥� folder and then have each source clearly labeled and separated inside that folder. Alternatively, if you prefer to work in paper form, you can keep separate note cards or a notebook that can be separated into specific sections.
• Be Strategic: Taking good notes isn't about writing down everything you can; it's about being selective and focusing on only the essential ideas. What you take notes on will vary depending on your purpose. For class notes or general reading, you might want to take notes on major concepts or important terms; identify the main idea and key supporting ideas. When it comes to researching for a paper, though, not all concepts will be useful or important, so your notetaking should be limited to only information that contributes to your analysis in some way. There is such a thing as taking too many notes; select only what you need.
• Organize by topic: A common way to gather materials is to keep them by source. For instance, you might keep all of your notes about Source 1 in a file. However, it鈥檚 important to consider how an essay is organized. Is it organized by sources or is it organized by topic? The paragraphs of an essay are constructed by major topics or concepts, so consider analyzing a source and taking notes organized or marked by topic as well. After taking notes about the source, color code or separate the notes by concept and then create different files for each: Topic 1, Topic 2, and so on.
  
  As you read and evaluate all your sources, you can then disseminate each source into those topic files. This will gather together ideas from a variety of sources that all fall under the same related topic, which makes them easier to use in the drafting process when it comes time to write a paragraph. This also helps you see more clearly which topics have little to no research support (indicating more is needed) or where one topic has too much (indicating it may need to be split into subtopics or excess research may need to be removed). Important: if this system is used, careful citation is vital.
• Cite: Yes, cite, even in the note-taking stage. As you write down ideas from your sources, ideas and conclusions of your own might come to mind. It鈥檚 best to keep those ideas in a separate place or clearly marked, but sometimes the ideas just flow right there in the notes about Source X. If the notes clearly cite Source X鈥檚 ideas, then anything uncited should indicate the material is your ideas/conclusions. Further, citing in the note-taking stage serves as a reminder that the information came from a source; you may accidentally use information from your notes thinking that the ideas were yours when in reality it was a paraphrase of source material. Citing in your notes prevents that from happening. Lastly, citing in the note-taking stage also helps you keep track of which ideas came from precisely which source. If these details are taken care of as you write your notes, it makes using the material correctly in your draft much easier.
• Paraphrase: Ideally, notes should present the most important ideas in the source as a paraphrase of the source鈥檚 words. Your notes should be your words. Make sure the notes fully paraphrase the source, however; paraphrasing can鈥檛 be done halfway.
• Don鈥檛 quote: As stated above, your notes should be in your words. If direct quotes of the material are needed, then consult the source itself (printing/copying the source can be helpful). Alternatively, keep direct quotes separate from your notes 鈥� maybe have a separate file for that source鈥檚 direct quotes.
  
  If it鈥檚 absolutely essential that direct quotes be gathered with your notes, then you must follow standard citation and quotation practices: include quotation marks and end the sentence with a proper in-text citation (including the page number/section for where the quote was found). If you don鈥檛 do this carefully and consistently, then this is where you might confuse source words for your words 鈥� if you see it in your notes, you might (falsely) assume that it鈥檚 your words when it鈥檚 actually the source鈥檚. Keep quotes separate from notes whenever possible.

These note-taking tips will ideally help you keep yourself organized as well as illustrate how to handle source material properly, even in the early stages of your project.

Employ Quotation Marks

One of the most overlooked issues in using source material is a tiny piece of punctuation: the quotation mark. The quotation mark is all that stands between saying, 鈥淭his is something someone else said鈥� and this is something I say. Instructors assess projects with the expectation that everything inside them is your words, ideas, images, and collective personal work, regardless of form or medium.

The only way the reader can separate your words from the source鈥檚 words is quotation marks. A citation will indicate that the idea was generated by someone else, but a sentence without quotation marks tells the reader that the wording was changed (paraphrased). If the wording isn鈥檛 different from the source and simply lacks quotation marks, this can get you into trouble.

Why do this when adding two simple pieces of punctuation could have avoided the whole situation? This can be a typing error, but often it鈥檚 carelessness. Any time you copy/paste or type material directly from a page, instead of putting the quotation marks in later, put them in first. By drafting ideas and using empty quotation marks as a placeholder for a quote to add later, then this mistake is quickly avoided.

Note: depending on the style guide of the project (APA, MLA, Chicago, 鈥�), the use of direct quotations may be encouraged or discouraged. For example, MLA is used for English courses and discussing literature 鈥� using quotes to illustrate a point about an author鈥檚 characters or words is probably a requirement. For APA, however, direct quotations are discouraged in favor of paraphrasing, to help illustrate your analysis of the material. Keep this variation in mind when using quotations in a project. Above all, though, keep direct quotations to a reasonable amount 鈥� over-relying on a source鈥檚 words/ideas weakens an essay.

Appropriate Paraphrasing

This is one of the most challenging aspects of avoiding plagiarism, and unfortunately it can often take a lot of work. To get a handle on paraphrasing, the first step it to understand that paraphrasing can鈥檛 be done half-way. A source鈥檚 words are either changed thoroughly or they aren鈥檛. This total re-statement of the source鈥檚 words needs to happen on two levels:

1. Word choice 鈥� most of you understand that the words of the source need to be changed in a paraphrase. However, where you might get confused is the amount of change that needs to take place. It鈥檚 not enough to change just one or two key words. It鈥檚 not enough to change most of the words. The entire passage needs to be re-worded with phrases and vocabulary choices that are normal for you. Naturally, there are some exceptions to this: basic words that are required by grammar that don鈥檛 have easy alternatives (a, the, and, but), proper nouns (names, organizations, places), dates or other numbers, and similar information that can鈥檛 really be presented naturally in different words.
   
   These exceptions shouldn鈥檛 occur that often, though, so be aware that nearly everything else in the passage will need to change completely. In this process, you must also change the wording logically and grammatically. If words are selected that are not quite appropriate to the meaning or that don鈥檛 fit with the style/vocabulary of the rest of the paper, then the paraphrase will either be awkward or inappropriate. This is why simply dropping in synonyms or using a thesaurus can get you into trouble 鈥� see the example in the next section for an illustration of this point.
2. Sentence structure 鈥� this is an aspect of paraphrasing that is frequently overlooked. Changing the word choice (for instance, switching 鈥渆ffectively鈥� to 鈥渁ccurately鈥�) is something most of you understand can be done when paraphrasing. However, leaving the structure of the sentence the same is not effective source use and does constitute an integrity issue. Compare these two sentences:

Original source: Issues in academic integrity plague universities and schools.

Incorrect use: Concerns in scholarly honesty afflict educational facilities.

This sentence is problematic in a few ways. First, read the 鈥渋ncorrect鈥� sentence: Concerns in scholarly honesty afflict educational facilities. Does that sentence flow naturally and effectively? Not particularly (see the word choice section). More importantly, while the word choice has changed, the basic structure of the sentence is identical. Keeping the same sentence structure and simply changing the word choice of key parts still falls under the umbrella of academic dishonesty, particularly because the meaning is identical in both sentences.

This imitates or maintains the writing style and structure chosen by the original author, and imitating style can be just as problematic as word choice. What is most problematic with this type of inadequate paraphrasing, though, is that this use of source material doesn鈥檛 demonstrate your understanding of the concept; a paraphrase must move away from identical meaning and convey the overall concept in a way that demonstrates how the point is relevant to your discussion. Only when you can fully place the idea into a sentence of your own creation will you illustrate your understanding of the point. Synonym replacement doesn鈥檛 achieve this.

To avoid improper paraphrasing in an assignment, both of these measures must be met. A common reason that paraphrasing isn鈥檛 done appropriately (aside from not changing the sentence structure) is that you might attempt to paraphrase by staring directly at the passage you want to change. It鈥檚 extremely difficult to change a passage thoroughly while staring down the original; the only words in your mind will be the ones on the page of the original. A method of avoiding this is to read the material to be paraphrased. Then wait a few hours (or even better, a day).

Sit down 鈥� away from the material to be paraphrased 鈥� and attempt to convey the idea from memory, without looking at the original. What is written should be phrased clearly enough but in your own style and word choice. Check the wording against the original to be sure that it鈥檚 different, though. Once the material has been paraphrased appropriately, assess how much of the project uses paraphrase in comparison to your own words/ideas 鈥� over-relying on a source鈥檚 words/ideas can destroy the integrity of an essay.

Citing Sources

Lastly, citing any and all source material in the essay (in the note-taking stage and in the essay itself) is the most direct way to avoid plagiarism. Direct quotes, paraphrases, or any other material taken from a source must be given credit. Otherwise, always remember when in doubt, cite it.

Examples of Correct Source Use

The following examples illustrate a number of appropriate uses of source material. First, look at the original, an excerpt from John F. Kennedy鈥檚 Inaugural Address:

Let every nation know, whether it wishes us well or ill, that we shall pay any price, bear any burden, meet any hardship, support any friend, oppose any foe, to assure the survival and the success of liberty.

Source: Kennedy, John K. 鈥淚naugural Address.鈥� Writing and Reading across the Curriculum. Ed. Lawrence Behrens and Leonard J. Rosen. Boston: Little, Brown, 1982. Print. [Note: this citation and the others used in these examples are done in MLA style.]

Quoting the Source

As John F. Kennedy passionately proclaims, America "shall pay any price, bear any burden, meet any hardship, support any friend, oppose any foe, to assure the survival and the success of liberty" (76).

Why is this correct? The writer identifies the author in a signal phrase, encloses a direct quotation (the source鈥檚 exact words) within quotation marks, and provides a page number for documentation.

Paraphrasing the Source

In his Inaugural Address, John F. Kennedy describes how America will do everything in its power to make sure that liberty prevails (76).

Why is this correct? The writer has identified the author, has put his idea into her own words, and has provided a page number for documentation. The paraphrase completely revises the original wording and presents the idea in an entirely different way.

Quoting and Paraphrasing the Source Together

In his Inaugural Address, John F. Kennedy describes how America will do everything in its power 鈥� 鈥減ay any price, bear any burden鈥� 鈥� to make sure that liberty prevails (76).

Why is this correct? The writer has identified the author, has put most of this idea into her own words, has enclosed the source鈥檚 words that she wanted to leave in within quotation marks, and has provided a page number for documentation.

Remember These Basic Rules to Avoid Plagiarism:

• Enclose any and all of the source's exact words within quotation marks.
• For summaries and paraphrases, put the author's ideas into your own words and do this using your own sentence structure 鈥� typically this will entail making the idea simpler or more straightforward than the original.
• Correctly cite all direct quotations, summaries, paraphrases, or other borrowings from a source. This would include use of graphics, photographs, research data, statistics, and anything that is not considered common knowledge.

[Examples adapted from Teresa Sweeney鈥檚 Feb. 2004 discussion by Laura Hardin Marshall, Academic Integrity Education Program Specialist, Sep. 2015.]

Misunderstandings

One of the simplest yet more difficult methods to avoid plagiarizing is to correct misunderstandings or misperceptions. You might think that paraphrases don鈥檛 need to be cited or that an in-text citation at the end of a section will 鈥渃over鈥� a whole paragraph of material. These misconceptions and others require that you educate yourself about what plagiarism is; being here shows that you鈥檙e on this road already.

This education process could be about how to use source material or something as basic as what the instructor expects in an assignment or project. The thing to remember here is that you are never alone 鈥� there are a variety of resources available to you that can get these misunderstandings addressed. Most important is the instructor.

If you aren't sure if the instructor requires citation (or what citation style) or if using a certain source is acceptable, ask the instructor. They will be much happier to answer questions than to get a project that鈥檚 plagiarized. Otherwise, there are plenty of other resources you can consult, such as the Writing Center or the library.

Pressures

Sometimes academic dishonesty (either intentionally or accidentally) occurs due to various types of pressures, academic and otherwise: the pressure to succeed, the pressure to get good grades, the pressure to generate new ideas, the pressure to avoid academics (from work or peers), and more. These pressures often play hand in hand with time-management. The pressure to do well in one class will conflict with the time it takes to do well in another (or in all of them).

As noted earlier, it is important to remember that you are never alone 鈥� there are a variety of resources available to you that can help alleviate some of these pressures or to provide you with the tools to manage them more effectively, such as Academic Counseling or Academic Advising.

Procrastination and Temptation

A challenge many people face is procrastination; this clearly leads to less effective work and the temptation to commit dishonesty. Another issue, though, is a little bit trickier: cutting corners. A common saying we鈥檝e all probably heard is to 鈥渨ork smarter, not harder.鈥� This philosophy can inform our lives in a positive way 鈥� it encourages us to find more efficient, better methods of doing things and can promote creativity (developing new products or techniques).

However, this philosophy also has a dangerous negative side 鈥� in this case, it can encourage you to work in ways that generate results expediently, which doesn鈥檛 necessarily mean they are done properly or honestly. Self-plagiarism is a prime example of this: I can avoid doing extra work by simply reusing an old paper, right? However, reusing work for another class or in another academic situation is dishonest. Avoiding additional work simply because it鈥檚 easier often leads to academic dishonesty.

This of course leads to deliberate academic dishonesty. Students might consider intentionally presenting another鈥檚 work as their own, either in small doses of source material or through entire projects. Unfortunately, this form of plagiarism can be hard to discourage or provide helpful alternatives for. Students who deliberately set out to fabricate their work (either in small pieces or full scale) do so knowing that it鈥檚 wrong.

By taking short cuts and avoiding the work, students lose out on important parts of the education process or develop work that is isn鈥檛 up to university standards (bear in mind that what can be found on the internet isn鈥檛 always good work). Another helpful concept to keep in mind is that an education in a particular field is also designed to help students succeed in that field. If students take the easy route, it prevents them from learning or developing the skills they need to work in their desired fields.

Consistent citation is naturally the most straightforward way of avoiding academic integrity violations. Always provide credit to any ideas, words, images, or other intellectual material designed by someone else. The ways in which to do so, however, are myriad. Different professional/academic fields rely on different information and therefore their citations reflect those differences. Before beginning any project, consult the information given by your instructor.

Is a citation style requested? If not, check the course syllabus. Sometimes the instructor won鈥檛 include citation style on project handouts because the course as a whole will be governed by one style or another, noted in the course syllabus. If a citation style still isn鈥檛 clear, then ask the instructor 鈥� never assume or guess.

What鈥檚 most important to know about citation is that it doesn鈥檛 just come in one place or one type. For instance, most of you may be aware that a citation page needs to go at the end of a project to credit the materials used. However, there's also in-text citation, providing short notes within the body of the text that credits each use of source material. These in-text citations are vitally important in communicating to your reader which specific sentences, words, or ideas come from research.

Omitting them will lead to plagiarized use of source material. You must be fully aware of how to construct not only the in-text citations but also the full citations that go at the end of your essay. See the Writing Center鈥檚 citation guides (linked below) for assistance in these areas but be aware that these guides only provide a brief gloss of citation rules and examples. For the most accurate, effective citations, you should always consult a current copy of the official citation style handbook, via places such as the library or Writing Center. If you are just beginning your college career, it is a good idea to buy a copy to have on hand, as the handbook will be necessary throughout the rest of your college journey.

• APA Documentation: This is commonly used by fields in the social sciences.
• MLA Documentation: This is commonly used in English classes and the humanities.
• Chicago Documentation: This is commonly used in publishing, as well as history and some other humanities. Note: Chicago and Turabian styles are similar.